changing of goals accompanied another radical change, or caused it, for the hemp-combers from the Briançonnais now became schoolmasters, until their migration almost totally came to an end in the early 19th century
FURIO BIANCO, "THE FRONTIER AS A RESOURCE. TOBACCO SMUGGLING IN THE VENETIAN REPUBLIC DURING EARLY MODERN TIMES"
This contribution deals at first with the specific importance that the rural population during the Ancien regime attached to frontiers, whether they concerned communes, seigneural domains or districts under state sovereignty It then goes into the phenomenon of smuggling, especially of secret trade in tobacco. On the basis of court documents, judgements and legal-economic sources concerning private leases, as also of previous studies concerning these subjects, an image of tobacco smuggling over the whole Venetian alpine territory can be presented. Its connotations, common aspects and differences can thereby be recognized as well as the modalities of the formation of large armed gangs and their relations to the local population, as to the government instances entrusted with repression thereof, all of which in comparison with other European regions.
GIORGIO FERIGO, '"THE GIPSY CHARACTER'. THE MIGRATION SYSTEM IN THE CARNATIC ALPS DURING EARLY MODERN TIMES"
In December 1678 the plague broke out in Vienna. The Venetian Republic, immediately alerted, ordered a number of precautions, one of which being a census of emigrants from the Carnatic region. The census - the most important early modern source of emigration in the territory under examination - named 1690 persons, making 8 percent of the total population. Among the men over 15 years of age the portion, 25 percent, was considerably higher. This periodic emigration from the Carnatic Alps took two main forms each with its own, in part very distant destinations: in the northern villages the predominant form of emigration was commercial, in the southern ones handicraft.
