Notes
1 Jan Lucassen expose ainsi son programme de recherches: "[...] I emphasise two underlying assumptions derived from analyses of contemporary labour migration in Western Europe. In the first place, we may postulate that the migrant worker anticipates advantages accruing from his travel; [...] this point of departure means that we should inquire into the economic structure of ’push areas’, examine the kinds of work performed by migrant workers, assess their wages, and consider the time(s) of the year when they leave home. At the same time, and as importantly, I suppose that those who employed migrant workers did so because they believed it to be beneficial to their interests. This point of departure invokes the question why, if a supply of local manpower was available, migrant workers were preferred to local workers.
The pair of assumptions I have chosen to adopt as premises, that both workers and employers behave rationally in their choice of actions, motivated in large part by potential profits, mean that I have chosen to approach the subject of migratory labour from an economic point of view. The disadvantage of doing so is that social and psychological aspects of migrant workers’s lifes, and therefore the full human complexity of their decision - making processes, are all too likely to receive inadequate illumination.” Jan Lucassen, Migrant Labour in Europe 1600-1900. The Drift to the North Sea, traduit par Donald A. Bloch, Beckenham 1987, pp. 5-6.
2 Jean-Pierre Poussou, «Les migrations internes et à moyenne distance en France à l’époque moderne et au XIXe siècle», in: Migraciones internas. 1ère conférence européenne de la commission internationale de démographie historique, Saint Jacques de Compostelle, 22-25 septembre 1993, pp. 1-20, Bordeaux et le Sud-Ouest au XVIIIe siècle: croissance économique et attraction urbaine, Paris 1983 et «Les mouvements migratoires en France et à partir de la France de la fin du XVe siècle au début du XIXe siècle: approche pour une synthèse», in: Annales de démographie historique, 1970, pp. 112
3 Fernand Braudel, Civilisation matérielle, économie et capitalisme XVe-XVIIIe siècle. 3 vol, Paris 1979.
4 Liana Vardi, The Land and the Loom. Peasants and Profit in Northern France 1680-1800, Durham and London 1993, montre que les élites paysannes ont réussi à créer un réseau marchand international dans ces régions fortement proto-industrialisées et peu migrantes. Jan Lucassen, op. cit., p. 90.
5 Jan Lucassen, «No Golden Age without Migration? The Case of the Dutch Republic in a Comparative Perspective», in: Le Migrazioni in Europa, op. cit., pp. 775-797 (780).
6 Jean-Pierre Poussou, Bordeaux et le Sud-Ouest au XVIIIe siècle, op. cit.; Jean-Claude Perrot, Genèse d’une ville moderne Caen au XVIIIe siècle, 2 voll., Paris 1975.
7 Laurence Fontaine, Histoire du colportage en Europe, XVe-XIXesiècle, Paris 1993, chap 3.
8 Voir, par exemple, Raul Merzario, Il capitalismo nelle montagne, Bologna 1989.
9 Jan Lucassen, op. cit. donne de nombreuses analyses de ces marchés du travail segmentés et contrôlés.
10 Leslie P. Moch et Louise A. Tilly, «Joining the Urban World: Occupation, Family, and Migration in Three French Cities», in: Comparative Studies in Society and History, yo 27, 1985, pp. 33-56. I. W. Archer, «Responses to Alien Immigrants in London, c. 1400-1650», in: Le Migrazioni in Europa, op. cit.. pp. 755-774.
11 D. Kaiser, Fast ein Volk von Zuckerbäckern? Bündner Konditoren. Cafetiers und Hoteliers in europäischen Landen bis zum Ersten Weltkrieg. Ein wirtschaftsgeschichtlicher Beitrag. Zurich 1985, cité par Anne-Lise Head-König, «Hommes et femmes dans la migra-
