SOME IRISH IDIOMS.
In the story of Miċeál na Buile the expression occurs, “bó ⁊ í ag dul i muġa.” Phrases of this description are best translated in English by a relative construction—“a cow that was straying.” In the Irish, the two ideas, “cow” and “going astray” are much more distinct and the expression a great deal stronger when the construction with agus is used, than if the phrase were to run “cad do seolfaiḋe fá ’n ngleann aċt bó a ḃí ag dul i muġa.” In the English the relative does not seem to have this weakening effect.
I believe I have sometimes noticed that students of Irish appear to regret the absence from the language of a special verb to express possession, like the English “have.” There seems also to be a feeling of disappointment because Irish has no machinery for complex relative constructions. This is a great mistake. Students ought to take it for granted that a nation whose intellectual capacity secured for it a world-wide renown through a long course of centuries, must have possessed a language in every way up to the level of that capacity. Those who have spoken Irish from their earliest childhood are well aware that they never missed this verb “to have,” either as a principal or as an auxiliary; also that, however inter-dependent the thoughts may have been to which they desired to give expression, they have always been able to express them clearly and thoroughly without the aid of complex relative constructions.
The principal thing to be borne in mind by the student is, that it is never safe to translate from English into Irish following the English mode of thought. This precept may have the effect of discouraging beginners, but there is one great consolation that should always be borne in mind the language is wonderfully consistent. Its general rules have few exceptions. For instance, there is no exception to the rule that “after the verb tá, or any part of it, a substantive cannot be used as predicate.” The English phrase “he is a man” has two entirely different meanings, which can be distinguished only by the context. It may mean that “he is a man and not some other being,” or it may mean “he is (now) a man,” “he has come to man’s estate.” The first meaning would be expressed in Irish by “is fear é,” the second by “tá sé i n’ ḟear (= i n-a ḟear, in his man).” This distinction permeates the whole Irish language. Any person can see from this the great advantage that Irish enjoys over English in accuracy of expression so far as the use of the verb “to be” is concerned.
This facility for accuracy of expression is characteristic of Irish in other constructions as well as in those in which the verb “to be” is found. And nowhere are the modes of thought and expression more beautiful or more clearly defined than in constructions which have to be rendered in English by using relatives. Take this example, “Do rug sé ar ċaolaiḃ cos ar an ḃfear ba ṁó ceann ⁊ ba caoile cosa,” “he caught by the slender parts of the legs the man who had the largest head and the slenderest legs.” It would be absolutely impossible to translate the Irish sentence literally into English, and equally impossible to render the English sentence word or word in Irish.
Here is another example:—
Ní ’l maiṫ ḋam ḃeiṫ dá laḃairt,
’S do ġaol le Donnċaḋ an tsagairt,
Le hEoġan na gcártaiḋe, a aṫair,
Le luċt na gceann do ġearraḋ,
Do ċur i málaiḃ leaṫair,
Do ḃreiṫ leó síos do’n ċaṫair,
’s an óir do ṫaḃairt a ḃaile
Mar ċoṫuġaḋ ban a’s leanḃ
No use in my uttering it,
Since you are related to Denis of the priest,
To Owen of the cards, his father,
To those who cut off the heads,
Who put them in leathern bags,
Who carried them down to the city,
And who brought home the gold with them,
As a support for wives and children.[1]
Here we have four relative pronouns in the English translation and not one in the original Irish. But the absence of the relative in the Irish is not a loss but a distinct gain in strength of thought and energy of expression.
The Irish relative usage does not admit of the insertion of any words between the antecedent and the relative (or verb with relative unexpressed). Hence such sentences as “He who, having got good advice, refuses to follow it, must blame himself for the consequences,” must be recast before being put into Irish. It must be put into some such shape as this—“He who gets a good advice and does not take it must take the consequences,” “An té ġeiḃeann deaġ-ċoṁairle ⁊ ná glacann í, bíoḋ air féin.”
In my school-days, when a number of us indulged in “scrooging,” some boy with strong ribs would shout, “An té le n-ar cuṁang, fágaḋ!” “Anyone who finds things too tight, let him leave!” As often the expression was “An té leis gur cuṁang, fágaḋ!” These are additional methods of rendering an English relative.
I believe that if a learner had once mastered the Irish idioms of the verbs “to be” and “to have” and the relative, the chief portion of his trouble would be over.
Peadar Ua Laoġaire.